Building Information Model in Energy Performance

Building Information Model in Energy Performance CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction Building Information Model can be applied in various stages from feasibility study to demolition stage. The application of BIM in energy performance and life cycle cost assessment are presented in this research. According to Grilo and Jardim-Goncalves (2010), Building Information Modelling can be applied to the design of energy performance of a building and to evaluate the difference between various construction materials of the envelope. BIM becomes possible to assess the performance of the life cycle cost of the building in the early design stages. To study the benefits and ambiguous of the integration of the BIM and Life Cycle Cost Assessment, the energy-saving performance of the curtain wall system was focused to have assessment in annual energy consumption , by using BIM softwares. Through the assessment of energy consumption, the Life Cycle Cost of HVAC system and lighting system of the commercial building can be evaluated. Research Framework To fulfill the aims of the research, an all-round research on the integration of BIM and life cycle cost assessment containing literature review, pilot study with its results, discussion, conclusions and recommendation. The research framework is illustrated as figure 3.2.1. Literature Review The purpose of the literature review is to study about the BIM application in the construction industry in recent years. Besides, reading other literatures before pilot study can comprehend the knowledge about the definition of BIM, formulas of life cycle cost and the process to assess the energy saving performance of curtain wall via the BIM environment. Besides, the definition, merits and elements of life cycle cost have been studied in the review. Some relevant books, journals and papers are the major sources of literature review in this paper. Data Collection and Practicability of Pilot Study In this stage, a commercial building with curtain wall system is selected to have pilot study in this paper. Architectural 2D drawings of the building and some detail information about the building should also be collected at this stage. Furthermore, various data about curtain wall should be amassed, such as the shading coefficient and the lighting transmittance of certain curtain wall systems of the commercial building. After the preparatory study of the data and drawings, the practicability of conducting the pilot study can be assessed. The examination of BIM softwares which can be adopted in this study should also be conducted at this stage. Development of Building Model With the collected 2D drawings of the commercial building, the floor plans of the buildings are converted to a 3D model drawing by entering those dimensions to eQUEST. After that other information about curtain wall system, such as the type and specification of curtain wall system, should be inputted to the software. Conducting Pilot Study Background of the Pilot Study In Hong Kong, around 66% of electricity consumption was used by the commercial sector. In order to investigate the energy saving measure of the commercial sector, a commercial building with a curtain wall system which is one of the current methods to save electricity is the targeted building in this study. The design and layout out of the building assessed is similar to the commercial building nowadays. Besides, ten types of curtain wall are selected to be assessed with the target building and the cost data of those curtain wall systems are collected from consultant firms and contractors. In this pilot study, there are three sustainable performance assessments. With the integration of BIM and the pilot study, the annual energy consumption of the commercial building can be assessed with the use of BIM. After the assessment of performance, the life cycle cost which is used to assess the cost of an asset over a specified period of time can be calculated. Table 3.6.1 Background Information about Pilot Study Assessment eQUEST is used to assess the energy performance of the targeted building. Three assessments are included in energy assessment and they are i) relationship between U-value and energy consumption of HVAC system, ii) relationship between shading coefficient and HVAC system and iii) visible transmittance and lighting system. After the energy performance assessment, an economic performance assessment would be conducted. The value of energy consumption obtained by eQUEST in chapter 6 will also be used to calculate the life cycle cost of the building with the use of Microsoft Excel 2013. About the detail processes of calculating life cycle cost, they will be discussed in Chapter 7. Softwares Adopted in Pilot Study eQUEST eQUEST is a 6D BIM softwares that provides whole building energy performance assessment. It is widely used and popular in United States and Canada because of its high accuracy. With its wizards and dynamic defaults, eQUEST can rapidly conduct whole-building performance simulation analysis and generate various energy consumption reports, such as Annual Energy Consumption by Enduse report. Besides, eQUEST is able to assess the performance of building throughout the entire design process, from the conceptual stage to the final stage of design. About the simulation engine of eQUEST, DOE 2.2 is also popular within various BIM softwares because of its widely used. Last but not least, eQUEST has been tested according to ASHRAE Standard 140 which is a well-known international standard. Microsoft Excel 2013 Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. It has been widely used in different industry because of its fantastic application in calculation and graphing tools. Apart from the special features of forming two-dimensional and a very limited three-dimensional graph, Microsoft Excel still has the basic features of spreadsheet, such as using the numbered rows and the numbered columns to define the location of the cells. Declaration for Software Adoption It is declared that this paper has no relationship or connection with the developer of software mentioned above, namely, eQUEST and Microsoft. Those softwares have been used because of three reasons. First of all, they are capable to perform the assessment, such as energy consumption assessment, required in this study. Secondly, they are well-known softwares in the construction industry for assessing building performance in energy usage and life cycle cost calculation. Finally, those softwares have developed education or free visions in which students or the public can download from its official website. Discussion After the sustainable performance assessment via BIM environment, the discussion about the integration of BIM and sustainable assessment will be conducted. The benefits and ambiguous encountered by 6D BIM can be identified in the process of assessment, especially for eQUEST. Furthermore, the results of curtain wall systems in energy and economic aspect will be consolidated and form an overall performance assessment. The most economic, environmental and optimum types of curtain wall system can be selected by different graphs. Conclusion and Recommendation After the stage mentioned above, the findings about the features of the curtain wall system and energy consumption can be consolidated at this stage. Also, limitations that restrict the accuracy of the study would be pointed out in chapter 9. Besides, some recommendations for further study about the improvement of the integration between BIM and sustainable assessment of the building would be made.

Does covergirl test on animals

Animals can be subject to pain, lack and hardship when inserted into the conditions needed to test them. Cosmetic animal testing is cruel alternative of doing real research and find out what products really nuisances people. There are many cosmetic companies that test on animals, including many major brands. Every day, the cosmetic companies that experiments on animals are subjected to a variety of animals those cruel and inhumane attitudes. Over the years, the number of wins by animal rights campaigns and lots of already tested on animals to stop.In late 1980 and early 1990, there are many leading companies to stop testing cosmetics on animals in response to negative publicity from animal rights groups. Moreover, in recent years the interest in sustainable products both companies eco-friendly and animal’s cosmetics have more burden to stop testing on animals. However, despite interest in cruelty cosmetics for the practice of cosmetic companies that test on animals, there are many cosmetic companies involved in this cases. Top cosmetic companies that test on animals are Maybelline.Maybelline is one of the largest cosmetic companies that test on animals. When it comes to market share, Maybelline has a market share of 7. 4% in the world of cosmetics. Not like the other companies that have stopped animal testing over the years, Maybelline has continued to test on animals. Secondly is L'Oreal, the greater share of the world market of cosmetics with the 5. 3% market share. The company was also the subject of animal rights campaigns, because it is one of the main cosmetic companies that test on animals.The group called L’Oreal Nature watches continue to criticized the current boycott L'Oreal Company argues that even gives animal tests in 1989. Nature watch show that while L'Oreal will no longer be able to test finished products on animals, the ingredients tested on animals. Lancome has a market share of 4% of the world and, inappropriately, one of the c osmetic companies that test on animals. Like other cosmetic companies that test on animals, has done a lot of web sites that keep trash of companies that use animal testing and is commonly avoided by those whom wishing to be considerate consumers.Max Factor has a 2. 8% share of the world market, it is sufficient to include it among the major cosmetic companies that test on animals. The company has been targeted by animal rights activists over the years, both relating to animal testing for cosmetic products, as well as the fact that Max Factor parent company Procter ;amp; Gamble-test a variety of animal products. Cover Girl has a 2. 7% share of the world market, the number of high-ranking enough to five major cosmetic companies that test on animals. As for Max Factor, Cover Girl is owned by Procter ;amp; Gamble, which has tested several products on animals.Although Procter and Gamble claimed that stopped animal testing for 80% of its products, continues to test various products on an imals. In addition to these companies, there are many other cosmetic companies that test on animals. The products are not tested on animals in General clearly labeled. There are millions of animals that have suffered violent, painful death in the name of research. Live animals such as human beings, but people seem to think that animals are just mere tools at their disposal. The types of animal testing research are medical, surgical, and cosmetic testing.For years researchers have been using animals as test tool for human drugs. People say that using animals, we are getting closer to finding a cure for cancer, but in fact, all the researchers found was a cure for cancer in rats, but it just does not work in humans, according to the former head of the U. S. National Cancer Institute. Animals and humans built different, because these animals do not get sick in the same way that people do. Every year in the United States alone, there are more than 100,000 human deaths caused by drugs al l have successfully passed the test animals.Since all that extensive research has failed, it has been a waste of time that could have been spent using alternative test will be more reliable and accurate for medical research. Surgery is another form of animal testing where prepared animal cut open the stomach just to see how they work as if they were some kind of machine. Type or analyzed animals in schools which are frogs, cats, dogs, pigs, rats, rabbits, fish, worms, and insects. Frogs taken from the wild and other animals taken from carnage houses, animal shelter, pound, pet stores, and are also free to good home ads.A PETA undercover investigator in one of the country’s largest supplier of animals to be used for the operation had been told by his supervisor that some cats are killed have become animal companions have ran away from their homes and the fact that students do experiments on animals other one and only. Animals used for surgery being blasted, and sometimes, they were brought out alive and in pain only to be injected with formaldehyde, which is harshly irritating caustic substance that causes a painful death.Students who dissect animals are sensitive to the sanctity of life, and surgery can encourage students to killed animals elsewhere, perhaps in their own backyard. Animals adequate to live their lives the way they naturally planned for. Cosmetics industry uses animals to determine their security products. As a result of testing done, millions of animals suffer a painful to death. A type of test used on animals called irritancy test where liquid, granule, flake, or powdered substance falls into albino rabbit eye group.Because of this, irritated rabbit eyes become swollen and may bleed. Even though rabbits alive and aware, almost fifty percent of the test animals death usually within 2 or 3 weeks. There is another type of test done to establish what skin care products are safe for humans called skin irritancy test. Those tests are mostly c onducted in rabbits and guinea pigs. This is processes that involves shaving the animal and put chemicals on raw skin and cover their bare skin with adhesive plaster. Animals will be moving in the block device to prevent them from fighting.This form of the test may be far worst child; these animals that undergo test only for a new lipstick or perfume live in enclosures, small crowded in fear or pain and suffering. Animals have different biological systems or human testing may not be as accurate. A cosmetic testing on animals is not only offensive, but also it is also very expensive. Alternative test can maintain the same amount of data, and less expensive and not cruel to animals. The fact that people take small animals that are unable to punish them, just so people can make themselves look and feel better is just wide of the mark.There is a more logical way of testing described above. Test more accurate and less offensive to living things, such as â€Å"synthetic skin,† call ed Corrosive, computer modeling and numerical Marine Local Lymph Node Assay design better, (LLNA). It is a proven fact that animals feel pain just like humans, but we still think its okay torture and kill animals in the name of science. If this is the man that researchers have used it will be considered unethical and immoral. We must end the cruelty and torture for this because as humans, animals, wildlife.No matter how it is viewed, it is cruel and unusual punishment. The soul is the same in all living things, and even the body of each is different. If people would take the time and attract what this quote really means, then maybe they will have a better respect and understanding for animals and see why animal testing is morally wrong, and torment beings who can’t speak for themselves. If scientists can find a way to find out what materials people react negatively to, there would be no need to test on animals.

Respiratory System Study Guide

Respiratory System Study guide: Answer the following, submit through the assignments link as an msword document. 1. What percent of air is oxygen? 21% of air is oxygen. 2. What is the entire process of gas exchange between atmosphere and body cells called It is called respiration. 3. What is the waste product of cells? Carbon dioxide is the waste product of cells. 4. What organs are located in the upper respiratory tract? The organs that are located in the upper respiratory tract are the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. 5.What organs are in the lower respiratory tract? The organs that are located in the lower respiratory tract are the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs. 6. What is the function of the nasal cavity? The nasal cavity is where the internal hairs begin to filter air. The primary function is to conduct air to the pharynx, where mucous lining filters and moistens air. 7. What does mucous do? The mucous entraps dust and other small particles that e nter with air. As cilia move, it push mucous with dust towards pharynx, where it is swallowed and digested by stomach. . What is the function of the larynx? The function of larynx is to conduct air in and out of trachea, prevent foreign objects from entering trachea. Also houses the vocal cords. 9. Which lung is larger, the right or the left? The right lung is larger than the left lung. 10. What is laryngitis? Laryngitis is horseness or loss of voice, mucous membrane becomes inflames, can cause obstruction of airway. 11. What is a bronchoscopy? Bronchoscoy is produce used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree. 12.The paranasal sinuses are resonant chambers that affect the quality of voice and function to _________. Reduce the weight of skull and resonant chambers that affect quality of voice. 13. What is found within the trachea that prevents it from collapsing and blocking the airway? Within the trachea are 20 â€Å"C† shaped pieces of cartilage that prevent it from collapsing and blocking the airway. 14. What is inspiration? Occurs when pressure inside alveoli decreases and atmospheric pressure is greater. 15. What is tidal volume? The amount of air that enters or leaves the lung.

7 Buildings (1 Mosque) You Wont See at Ground Zero